Avian influenza virus. Early warning risks at the wildlife-livestock-human interface in Cuba
Keywords:
zoonoses, early warning, health hazards, risk reduction, pandemicAbstract
Introduction: From the One Health perspective, the international health context points to a growing need for integrated surveillance systems and the development of early warning systems to mitigate risks before they translate into events.
Objective: To identify, from the One Health perspective, the main risks associated with avian influenza viruses in Cuba as a contribution to the development of an early warning system.
Methods: Several studies were developed: knowledge, practices and attitudes of risk in Cuban hunters; migratory connectivity of the Florida Duck; modeling of avian influenza virus’s transmission at the wildlife-livestock-human interface; stochastic simulation of avian influenza viruses spread in poultry and integrated surveillance demands for avian influenza viruses.
Results: Hunters reported engaging in risky behaviors and Blue-winged Teal (Spatula discors) as the most frequently hunted species. Migration date and age of individuals significantly influenced feather composition according to research based on stable hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) implying a more northern origin as the migratory season progresses. Consejos Populares with the highest spillover risk from domestic species to their caretaker were 15 (0.99%) for anatidae; 45 (2.9%) for other domestic birds and 39 (2.6%) for pigs. The simulation of avian influenza viruses spread in poultry farms revealed as the most influential factors the lack of both biosecurity and movement restriction, although it was inferred that it is possible to contain the spread if control actions are initiated less than three days post-infection.
Conclusion: Added knowledge of avian influenza viruses hazards at the wildlife-livestock-human interface contributed to the design and implementation of an early warning system for risk and integrated surveillance of avian influenza viruses with zoonotic potential.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Pastor Alfonso Zamora, Lourdes Mugica Valdez, Beatriz Delgado Hernández, Damarys de las Nieves Montano Valle, Alejandro Rodríguez Ochoa, Dunia Pineda Medina, Martín Acosta Cruz
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